Birta birta ee la jeexjeexan ee biska ah ee biska ah?

Tuubbada birta aan sal lahayn ayaa la soo saaray iyadoo la adeegsanayo dhowr tillaabo, oo ay ku jiraan:

1. Dhalaalida
2. Waxqabadka joogtada ah
3. Kuleylka: Billet adag ayaa ka dib kululaata foornada ilaa heerkulka inta u dhaxaysa 1100-1250 ° C si looga dhigo mid lagu sii dari karo oo diyaar u ah howsha kale.
4. DARGING: Billet kuleylka ayaa markaa lagu garaacay mandrel oo tilmaamaysa inuu abuuro tuubbo god ah. Hawshan waxaa loo yaqaan "daloolin."
5. Digniinta
6. Daaweynta kuleylka: tuubbada aan la tolaynin ayaa ka dib kululaynta si loo hagaajiyo xooggiisa iyo adkaantiisa. Tani waxay ku lug leedahay kululaynta tuubbada heerkul inta u dhaxaysa 950-1050 ° C, oo ay ku xigto qaboojinta degdegga ah ee biyaha ama hawo.
7. Dhameystirka: Daaweynta kuleylka ka dib, tuubbada kuleylka ah, ayaa la toosiyaa, oo loo gooyaa, oo uu ku dhammeeyaa nadiifinta ama ka saarida saqafka dusha sare iyo hagaajinta muuqaalka.
8. Tijaabada: Tallaabada ugu dambeysa waa in lagu tijaabiyo tuubbada guryaha kaladuwan, sida adkaanta, xoogga khafiifka ah, iyo saxsanaanta cabbirka, si loo hubiyo inay buuxiso heerarka loo baahan yahay.

Mar haddii tuubbada ay dhaafto dhammaan tijaabooyinka loo baahan yahay, waxay diyaar u tahay in loo diro macaamiisha. Hawsha oo dhan si taxaddar leh ayaa loo kormeeraa oo la xakameeyaa si loo hubiyo in tuubbada aan togan ay la kulmaan heerarka tayada ee lagama maarmaanka ah.