He aha nā hiʻohiʻona nui a me nā kumu kumu o nā hemahema i nā kala?

1.
Nā hiʻohiʻona nui: Ke kaʻina hanaʻole o ka makeUa kalaʻiae lilo i nā papa'āina a me nā hōʻailona o nā iʻa. ʻO kēlā mau hōʻailona iʻa paʻakikī e hoʻohana maʻalahi i ka wā e kalaʻia ana i ka wasetetitic a me ke kilatino martestitic.
E kumu:ʻO ka membus kūloko kūloko i hanaʻia e ka lubrication uneven a iʻole nā ​​mea i kohoʻia a me ka maikaʻi o ka aila libricating libricating.
2. Nā hemahema
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui:ʻO kaʻaoʻao o luna o ke kalaʻana i ke kalaʻana he mea hoʻopunipuni ma kaʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa ma kaʻaoʻao o ka'āpana.
Kumu:ʻAʻohe mea kūponoʻole i ka hana kolohe ma ke kalaʻana i ka make, a iʻole ke kalaʻana ma waena o ke poʻo o ka hammer.
3
Nā hiʻohiʻona nui:ʻO ka nui o ka make e ho'ōla i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ke ala i ke kuhikuhi ma keʻano he wahi'āpana. I ka nui o ka nui o ka nui i hōʻikeʻia i ka nui i kohoʻia i loko o ke kiʻi kiʻi,ʻaʻole lawa ka makeʻana e hana i ke kalaʻana.
Kumu: nui nui, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, nā pale o ka mahana, e like me ka nui o ka miki, a iʻole ka nui o nā mea e pono ai keʻano
4.ʻAʻole lawa ka hoʻopiha pihaʻana
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui:ʻoi aku ka nui o nā iwi, nā kihi make a Fovex, a me nā kihi o nā kala e hoʻopauʻoleʻia
Kumuhana:ʻO ka hoʻolālāʻana o keʻano o ka make o ka makeʻana a me nā mea make blanking,ʻaʻole ia he palupalu
5
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui: Inā heʻano noho noho nohoʻole, a me ka holoiʻana a me ka ikaika a me ka ikaika o nā kalaʻana o nā kala. No ka mea ma ka papa hōʻike hōʻike haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, nā pahu uila o ka'āpana i hoʻopaʻaʻia,ʻaʻoleʻikeʻia nā huahana denditritic, a me nā huahana dendritic i keʻano o nā kila kila.
Kumu: Ma muli o ka lawaʻana o ke kalaʻana i ke kalaʻana a iʻole ke kalaʻana i keʻano. Hoʻemi kēia hemahema i ka hana o nā kala,ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena paʻakikī a me nā waiwai momona.
6.ʻO Grain Inhomogeneity
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui: nā mea nui i kekahi mau wahi o kaUa kalaʻiaʻO nā mea he nui loa,ʻoiaiʻo nā mea nui i nā'āpana'ē aʻe he mea liʻiliʻi loa, e hana ana i nā huaʻole i nā meaʻole. ʻO nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea wela wela e nānā pono i nā kinipōpō e pili ana i ka palaoa i loko.
Kumu:ʻO ke kala haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hana i ka hana i ka hana o keʻano kiʻekiʻe o keʻano kiʻekiʻe. I ka wā hana nui a me ka hoʻokiʻekiʻeʻana, ulu nui kekahi mau'ōpala a me nāʻano kala i ka wā nui,ʻaʻole lawa ka deformation Hiki i keʻano o ka unahi o nā crins ke alakaʻi i kahi hōʻemi i ka hōʻemiʻana i ka hana momona a me ka wikiwiki.
7. Nā hemahema
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona: Ke kīʻia nā pahu kahawai i nā pona o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a me nā pāpū e like me keʻano. Inā he crack, eʻokiʻia nā kahawai. Ma ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe,ʻaʻole i like me ka lalo o ka pahu, ua nui nāʻaoʻaoʻelua a me ka lalo o ka lalo.
Kumu: ua nui ka mea i hānaiʻia e ka hānai liʻiliʻi,ʻoi aku ka hoʻemiʻana a iʻole ka liʻiliʻi o ka radius mody Hoʻopili i nā hemahema e kumu i nā mea haoʻo Oxidized e pili pū ana e pili pū me ke kalaʻana i ke kaʻina kala.
8..
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui: Spotline Turbulence e like me keʻano o ka strolline, eddy i kēia manawa, enconnection, e hoʻopili ana i ke kalaʻana.
Kumu: FIRTER DIVES FIGTER FIGL FESET, FORTER FILLSOPER NO KA LAHUI ANA, KAHAKAU ANA MA KAHAKAU ANA.
9.ʻO keʻano kūʻai
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui: kahi hoʻolālā i nā mea'ē aʻe a iʻole nā ​​hana a ferrite a iʻole nā ​​lihi o nā kala i nā pale. Aia nō ia ma kahi kila kila astitic-ferritic-ferritic, semi-martestitic steel a me nā kila etetectitic.
Kumu:ʻO kēia ka mea i ke kalaʻana i ka wā i keʻanoʻelua o nā'āpanaʻelua o nā'āpana cexist. Hoʻemi ia i ka palena o nā mea i loaʻaʻole i ka waihona o ka waiwai a me ka prone e paleʻia ma ka palena o ka ferrite a iʻole ka palena ma waena o nā'āpanaʻelua.