Ⅰ.The ainihin manufar magani.
A.The tushen manufar magani mai zafi.
Abubuwa na asali da ayyuka nalura da zafi:
1.Hauki
Manufar ita ce samun sutura da ingantaccen tsarin Austenite.
2.Kaga
Manufar shi ne don tabbatar da kayan aikin yana mai zafi sosai kuma don hana kayan maye da iskar shaka.
3.Cooling
Manufar ita ce canza austenite a cikin microstruri daban-daban.
Microstruris bayan magani mai zafi
A lokacin aiwatar da sanyaya bayan dumama da riƙe, Austenite canzawa zuwa microstruri daban-daban dangane da farashin sanyaya. Daban-daban microstructures nune daban daban.
B.Ke ainihin manufar magani mai zafi.
Classification dangane da dumama da sanyaya hanyoyin, kazalika da microstructure da kaddardi na karfe
1.Conaclorcenyal zafi magani (Jiyya mai zafi gabaɗaya): Zizza, an goge, al'ada, kudching
2.Surfafta zafi magani: Quenching surface, yana haifar da dumama surface, harshen wuta yana ɗaukar saukowa, saduwa da wutar lantarki yana ɗaukar saukowa.
3. Jiyya mai zafi
4. Jiyya na zafi: Yanada yanayi mai sarrafawa Jiyya, injin zafi mai zafi, jiyya mai zafi.
C.critical zazzabi na karfe
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Mummunan canji na zazzabi na karfe muhimmin tushe ne don tantance dumama, Riƙe, da sarrafa shaye-shaye yayin magani mai zafi. An ƙayyade ta hanyar baƙin ƙarfe-carbon lokaci.
Kammalallen Kammalawa:Ainihin m canji na zazzabi na karfe koyaushe yana bayan mahimmancin yanayin zazzabi. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana buƙatar overheating lokacin dumama, da kuma ba da labari a lokacin sanyaya.
Ⅱ.ANNELING DA KYAUTA
1. Ma'anar harsasai
Annealing ya ƙunshi dumama karfe zuwa zazzabi da ke sama ko a ƙasa mahimmancin ma'ana a cikin wannan zafin rana, yawanci a cikin tanderence, yawanci a cikin tanderence, yawanci a cikin tanderence, don cimma wani tsari kusa da daidaito.
2. Manufar Annealing
Hadawarcin taurarewa don Machining: Samun tsauraran mama a kewayon hb170 ~ 230.
Ticks dewary danniya: Yana hana nakasassu ko fatattaka yayin aiwatar da aiki.
③refine hatsi sharadin: Yana inganta microstruchiture.
Efrepain don magani na zafi na karshe: yana samun Granular (mai tsiro) pearlite don saukar da alkalin da aka biyo baya da kuma zafin rana.
3.Shearshe an saninsa
Dandalin aiwatar da bayanai: zazzabi mai dumama yana kusa da AC₁₁.
Manufa: Don setizize da ciminti ko carbides a cikin karfe, sakamakon shi da granular (speriidided) pearlite.
Rangeol mai amfani: Amfani da ƙarfe tare da Eutectectiids Compositions.
4.Damara da aka ambata (homogenizing angealing)
Dangane da bayanai: zazzabi mai dumama ya ɗan ɗan ƙasa a ƙasa da layin Solvus akan hoton lokaci.
Manufa: don kawar da rarrabuwa.
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①for low-bakin ƙarfeTare da abun ciki carbon ƙasa da 0.25%, daidaituwa an fi sonsa akan aning a matsayin magani mai shirya.
Matsakaicin matsakaici-carbon karfe bayanan abubuwan carbon tsakanin 0.25% da 0.50%, ko dai ana amfani da shi ko daidaituwa ana iya amfani dashi azaman tsarin zafi.
Matsakaici na matsakaici - zuwa babban-carbon karfe tare da abubuwan carbon tsakanin 0.50% da 0.75%, ana ba da shawarar cikakken anna'aling.
④for high-bakin ƙarfeTare da abun ciki carbon sun fi 0.75%, na al'ada ana amfani da shi don kawar da cibiyar sadarwar FE-, ta biyo bayan annealing.
Ⅲ.quenching da zafin jiki
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A.quenching
1. Ma'anar Quenching: Quenching ya ƙunshi dumama baƙin ƙarfe sama da ac₃ ko AC₁ Point, riƙe shi a wannan zafin rana mafi girma don samar da amma.
2. Dalilin Quenching: Babban burin shine don samun Martences (ko kuma wani lokacin ƙananan bakiite) don ƙara tsauraran ƙarfe da sa juriya na ƙarfe. Quenching yana daya daga cikin mahimmin maganin kula da zafi na karfe.
3.Kaudewa yanayin zafi na quenching na nau'ikan karfe daban-daban
Hypoeutociid Karfe: Ac + 30 ° C zuwa 50 ° C
Eutectoid da Hypeutectocoid Karfe: Ac + 30 ° C zuwa 50 ° C
Alloy karfe: 50 ° C zuwa 100 ° C sama da mahimman zafin jiki
4. Daidaitattun halaye na matsakaici mai kyau:
Sannu a hankali a lokacin "hanci" zazzabi: don isasshen rage damuwa.
Babban ƙarfin sanyi kusa da "hanci" zazzabi: don kauce wa samuwar tsarin marassa-ba.
Slow sanyaya kusa da M₅ Point: Don rage damuwar danniya da ta hanyar hanyar ta hanyar istentitic canji.

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5.QUSTSCHing hanyoyin da halaye:
①simple Quenching: mai sauƙi don aiki da dacewa da ƙananan gida, masu sauƙin aiki. A sakamakon microstruchiture shi ne karin shahi (m).
Lugable Quenching: mafi hadaddun da wahala a sarrafa, amfani da hadaddun-carbon karfe mai girma da kuma mafi girma filin wasan motsa jiki. A sakamakon microstruchiture shi ne karin shahi (m).
Murmushi mai rikitarwa: Tsarin aiki mai rikitarwa, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don manyan, hadaddun katako mai siffa. A sakamakon microstruchiture shi ne karin shahi (m).
④sothermal quenching: Amfani da karami, hadaddun ma'aikata tare da manyan buƙatu. A sakamakon microstrupture shine ƙananan baki baki (b).
6.factors ya shafi wahala
Matsayin Harafi ya dogara da kwanciyar hankali na SuperCooled Austenite cikin karfe. A mafi girman kwanciyar hankali na mpercooled ausenite, mafi kyawun wahala, da kuma mataimakin.
Abubuwan da suka shafi kwanciyar hankali na kwanciyar hankali na Austenite:
Matsayin C-curve: Idan c-curve canzawa zuwa dama, da ƙima mai mahimmanci don saukar da raguwa, inganta wahala.
Kammalallen Kammalawa:
Duk wani mahimmanci wanda yake canza C-curve zuwa hannun dama yana ƙaruwa da ƙarfin ƙarfe.
Babban factor:
Abubuwan sunadarai: ban da cobalt (CO), duk abubuwan da ke gaba da narkar da su a cikin Austenite ƙara wahala.
Abun kusa da abun ciki na Carbon shine zuwa Eutcetoid Composition a Carbon Karfe, da ƙarin canjin C-curve canzawa zuwa dama, da kuma mafi girman ƙarfin.
7.Daga da wakilcin wahala
ANEDDU TUNAN TUFANCIN GASKIYA: An auna hadarin aiki ta amfani da hanyar gwajin ƙarshe-Quench.
Hanyar diamita ta Quench ta Quench mai mahimmanci: Mahimmancin Quench mai mahimmanci (D₀) yana wakiltar matsakaicin diamita na ƙarfe wanda zai iya zama cikakke ta hanyar takamaiman matsakaici.
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B.TeMpering
1. Ma'anar Zuciya
Ziji magani ne mai zafi wanda aka karanta karfe karfe a ƙasa da aya, an riƙe shi a wannan zafin jiki, sannan sanyaya zuwa zazzabi a ɗakin.
2. Manufar Zuciya
Rage ko kawar da matsananciyar damuwa: yana hana ɓarna ko fatattakarwar kayan aiki.
Rage ko kawar da wani juji na zama: yana daidaita girman aikin.
Kawar da giyar da karfe: Yana daidaita da microstrupture da kaddarorin don biyan bukatun aikin.
Muhimmin bayanin kula: karfe ya kamata a zube da sauri bayan saukar da shi.
3.TeMing tafiyar matakai
1.Ga haushi
Dalili: Don rage damuwa mai zurfi, inganta ta da tauri na aikin, kuma sami babban ƙarfin hali da kuma sa juriya.
Zazzabi: 150 ° C ~ 250 ° C.
AIKI: Hardness: HRC 58 ~ 64. Babban wahala da sanya juriya.
Aikace-aikace: Kayan aiki, molds, beyar, sassan sassan, da abubuwan da aka tanada.
2.High zuciyar ta zama
Manufa: Domin cimma babban tauri tare da isasshen ƙarfi da taurin kai.
Zazzabi: 500 ° C ~ 600 ° C.
AIKI: Hardness: HRC 25 ~ 35. Kyakkyawan kaddarorin injinan.
Aikace-aikace: Hanns, gears, haɗa sanduna, da sauransu.
Maimaitawa
Ma'anar: Quenching ya biyo bayan babban zazzabi ana kiranta da zafin rana, ko kuma kawai zafin jiki. Karfe da aka bi da wannan tsari yana da kyakkyawar aikin aiki kuma ana amfani dashi sosai.
- Karfin zafi mai zafi na karfe
A.surface ya shigo da ƙarfe
1. Ma'anar da hardening
Hardening surface tsari ne na magani mai zafi don ƙarfafa farfajiya ta kayan aiki ta hanyar hanzari ya sa shi canzawa, sannan da sauri sanyaya shi. Ana aiwatar da wannan tsari ba tare da canza tsarin sunadarai ba ko kuma tushen tsarin kayan.
2
Kayan da aka yi amfani da su don taurarin
Kayan kayan yau da kullun: matsakaici carbon karfe da matsakaici carbon karfe alloy karfe.
Pre-magani: Tsarin tsari: zafin. Idan ainihin kaddarorin ba mahimmanci bane, za a iya amfani da al'ada a maimakon.
Tsarin-hardening tsarin
Tsarin farfajiya: farfajiyar farfajiya ce yawanci tsarin tanadin kamar martensite ko bakiite, wanda ke ba da ƙarfi.
Core Tsarin: Core na ƙarfe gaba ɗaya yana riƙe da tsarin asali, kamar yanayin pearlite ko ƙasa mai ƙarfi, dangane da tsarin maganin pre-da kaddarorin tushe. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa ainihin yana kula da wahala da ƙarfi.
B.Charurrites na Induction surface
1.Hoigh dumama zazzabi da zazzabi na zazzabi na zazzabi: Infuction surfaction hade ya ƙunshi zafi mai dumama da sauri dumama, yana ba da saurin dumama a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.
2.Fine ausite hatsi tsari a farfajiya: A cikin saurin dumama da kuma ragi quencing tsari mai kyau, farfajiya na saman itace ya samar da hatsi mai kyau na austenite hatsi. Bayan da aka kwashe, farfajiya da farko ya ƙunshi kyakkyawan Marnsite, da wuya yawanci 2-3 HRC ta fi ƙaryaci ta al'ada.
3.Ka ingancin yanayi mai inganci: Saboda gajeriyar lokacin dumama, farfajiyar kayan aiki ba shi da mahimmanci ga rashin daidaituwa, da kuma nakasassu da rashin ƙarfi.
4.Hiv Fa'ifara karfin gwiwa: Hanyar Martentenitic Canjin Lokaci a farfajiya ta samar da damuwa mai damuwa, wanda ke kara karfin karfin aikin.
5.HIGHE IKE IYALIYAR: Indungiyoyin nuna hardening ya dace da babban taro, yana ba da babban aiki mai yawa.
C.Classification na Sosar zafi
Carburizing, carburizing, carburizing, chromanizing, siliconizing, siliconizing, siliconizing, carbonitritizing, borogarburizing
D.Gas Carburizing
Gas Gas Carburizing tsari ne inda aka sanya wani aiki a cikin wani mai gas mai gas da aka rufe da mai zafi zuwa zazzabi da ya canza karfe cikin Austenite. Sa'an nan, wakili mai carburitizing ya bushe cikin wutar, ko yanayin carburnere an gabatar da kai tsaye, kyale carbon atoms don yaduwa cikin farfajiyar kayan aikin. Wannan tsari yana ƙaruwa da abubuwan carbon (WC%) a saman kayan aikin.
√encuritizing jami'an:
• gas mai arzikin carbon: kamar shi gas mai, mai cinya man fetur (LPG), da sauransu.
• Ruwan kwayoyin halitta: kamar Kerosene, Methanol, benzene, da sauransu.
√carburizing tsari tsari:
• Carburizing zazzabi: 920 ~ 950 ° C.
• Lokacin carburizing: Ya dogara da zurfin da ake so na carbitized Layer da zazzabi mai narkewa.
E.heat magani bayan carburizing
Karfe dole ne a sha magani mai zafi bayan carburizing.
Tsarin magani na zafi bayan carburizing:
Esquenching + zafin zafin zafin jiki
1.DaCt Quenching bayan pre-sanyi + sahying + sigar zafin jiki: An riga da kai tsaye ta da kai tsaye, biye da ƙarancin zafin jiki a cikin 160 ~ 180 ° C.
2.Single Quenching bayan pre-sanyi + sigar zafin rana: bayan carburizing, kayan aikin yana sannu a hankali sanyaya da zafin jiki da ƙarancin zafin jiki.
3.DoBul ya wuce bayan da pre-zazzabi + sigar zazzabi mai rauni: Bayan carburizing da jinkirin da aka sanya matakai biyu na dumama da quenching, biye da ƙarancin zafin jiki.
Labaran zafi mai zafi na ƙarfe
1.Definiti na magani mai zafi
Jiyya mai zafi magani tsari ne mai zafi wanda a cikin takamaiman matsakaici, da mai aiki da atomatik don yaduwa cikin farfajiya na aikin. Wannan yana canza tsarin sunadarai da microstructure na saman kayan aikin, don haka ya canza kaddarorin.
2.basic aiwatar da magani mai zafi
Rashin izini: A lokacin dumama, matsakaici na aiki har abada, sakin m atoms masu aiki.
Sha: Atoms masu aiki suna adsorbed ta farfajiya na ƙarfe da narke cikin ingantaccen bayani na ƙarfe.
Yage: atoms masu aiki da yawa suna ɗaukarsu kuma sun narkar da a farfajiya na ƙarfe yi ƙaura zuwa cikin ciki.
Nau'in shigowa da face da hardening
A.Hift-yawan mai dumama
Mita na yanzu: 250 ~ 300 khz.
Zurfin kwance mai zurfi: 0.5 ~ 2.0 mm.
Aikace-aikace: Matsakaici da kananan Module Gears da ƙanana zuwa matsakaici-sihads.
B.Medium-mita rashin dumama
Mita na yanzu: 2500 ~ 8000 khz.
Hardsted layer zurfin: 2 ~ 10 mm.
Aikace-aikace: Babban matattara da babba zuwa matsakaici na matsakaici.
C.Rower-mitar kudi
Mita na yanzu: 50 hz.
Zurfin kwance mai zurfi: 10 ~ 15 mm.
Aikace-aikace: Ma'aikata suna buƙatar babban mai zurfi sosai.
3. Intuction surface
Asali na ka'idodi na Induction surface
Tasirin fata:
Lokacin da yake canzawa a yanzu a cikin shigarwar da ke jawo a cikin coil ya haifar da wani abu na aikin, mafi yawan abin da aka haifar na yanzu yana da hankali kusa da farfajiya, yayin da kusan babu na yanzu wucewa ta hanyar aikin. Wannan sabon abu an san shi da tasirin fata.
Ka'ida na Induction surfaction:
Dangane da tasirin fata, farfajiya na kayan aikin yana cikin sauri mai saurin zafi zuwa zazzabi mai kyau (tashi zuwa 800 ° C a cikin 'yan seconds), yayin da ciki ya kusan rashin zama abin da ba a iya haɗawa. Saitin kayan aikin sannan ya sanyaya ta hanyar fesa ruwa, wanda yake samun taurarin ƙasa.
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4.TeMperness
Zamani da liyafa a cikin baƙin ƙarfe
Zama da Zamani yana nufin sabon abu yana nufin wani abu mai tauri da karfe mai raguwa yana raguwa yayin da ake ci gaba da zafi a wasu yanayin zafi.
Na farko nau'in hauhawar jini
Rahotuta: 250 ° C zuwa 350 ° C.
Halaye: Idan ya yi quenched karfe mai tsayi a cikin wannan kewayon zafin jiki, yana da yiwuwa haɓaka wannan nau'in hauhida, wanda ba zai iya kawar da shi ba.
Magani: Guji tempering ya harba karfe cikin wannan yanayin zafin.
Hakanan ana san nau'in nau'in hauhawar jini da ƙarancin zafin jiki ko ƙarancin zafin jiki ko rashin ƙarfi.
.Tinging
1.Tempering shine tsarin magani na ƙarshe wanda ya biyo baya.
Me ya sa aka gwada ƙananan ƙarfe?
Microstructure bayan Quenching: Microstructure, Microstructure na Karfe galibi ya ƙunshi Martensite da Rago Austenite. Dukansu manyan maganganu ne na iska kuma zasu canza a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi.
Abubuwan da ke na Martence: Marnesite yana da girman kai ta hanyar ƙarfi amma kuma manyan launuka (musamman a cikin carbon allon-kamar martensite), wanda ba ya haɗuwa da buƙatun aikin don aikace-aikace da yawa.
Halayen canji na Martensitic: Canji zuwa Martenstite yana faruwa cikin sauri. Bayan saukar da, aikin kayan aikin yana da abin da ke haifar da damuwa na ciki wanda zai iya haifar da lalata ko fatattaka.
Kammalawa: Ba za a iya amfani da kayan aikin kai tsaye bayan kazanta ba! Zuciya wajibi ne don rage damuwa na ciki da haɓaka ta da taurin kai na aikin, yana sa ya dace da amfani.
2.WiMibitedity tsakanin Hardenin da Hardening:
Hardenability:
Hardenabilanci yana nufin ikon ƙarfe don cimma wani zurfin taurara (zurfin na Haryan Layer) bayan ya faɗi. Ya dogara da kayan haɗin karfe da tsari, musamman ma abubuwan da suke so da nau'in ƙarfe. Hardenabilanci shine gwargwado na yadda karfe da zai taurara a duk lokacin da yake kunnawa.
Hardness (Hardening):
Taurin kai, ko ƙarfin wahala, yana nufin matsakaicin wahalar da za a iya cim ma a cikin ƙarfe bayan ya ragu. An rinjayi shi da yawa carbon abun ciki na karfe. Babban abun ciki na Carbon gaba ɗaya yana haifar da babbar rawar jiki, amma wannan na iya iyakance ta abubuwan abubuwan gwal na ƙarfe da kuma tasirin ɗaukar ƙarshen.
3.HARDENE na Karfe
√onptont of Hardenily
Hardenabilanci yana nufin ikon ƙarfe don cimma wani zurfin Martensitic hareness bayan saukar da zafin jiki na yau da kullun. A cikin sauki sharuɗɗa, shi ne karfin karfe don kafa karin shahi a lokacin rufewa.
Aunawa da wahala
Girman girman wuya yana nuna ta zurfin Layer na Hardedened an samu a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadadden yanayi bayan saukar da ku.
Zurfin kwance mai zurfi: Wannan zurfin daga farfajiyar aikin zuwa yankin inda tsarin ya zama yastars.
Quenching kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun:
• Ruwa
Halaye: Tattaunawa tare da ƙarfin sanyaya mai sanyaya, amma yana da haɓaka mai sanyi kusa da aya mai mai, wanda zai iya haifar da wuce kima.
Aikace-aikace: galibi ana amfani da shi don carbon.
Ruwan gishiri: maganin gishiri ko alkali a cikin ruwa, wanda ke da ikon sanyaya mai sanyaya a yanayin zafi idan aka dace da ruwa, yana sa ya dace da carbon.
•
Halaye: samar da ragi mai sanyaya a yanayin zafi (kusa da yadda yadda ya kamata ya rage girman nakasa da fatattaka, amma yana da karfin ruwa mai sanyi.
Aikace-aikacen: Ya dace da alloy.
Nau'i: Ya hada da Quenching mai, man injin, da dizal mai.
Lokacin dumama
Lokacin dumama ya ƙunshi duka adadin tsawan tsawa (lokacin da aka ɗauka don isa zafin jiki na da ake so) da kuma lokaci na rike (lokaci don cigaba da zazzabi).
Ka'idodi don tantance lokacin dumama: Tabbatar da rarraba yawan zafin jiki a cikin aikin, a ciki da waje.
Tabbatar da cikakken Austenitization kuma cewa Austenite kafa uniform da lafiya.
Dalili don tantance lokacin dumama: Yawancin lokaci ana kiyasta amfani da tsari mai mahimmanci ko ƙaddara ta gwaji.
Ka'idodi na kafofin watsa labarai
Abubuwa biyu masu mahimmanci:
Rateimar A.Cooling: Matsakaicin matsakaici mai sanyaya yana inganta samuwar Martence.
B.Ressuzar damuwa: Mulki mafi girma yana ƙaruwa da sauran damuwa, wanda zai iya haifar da babbar dabara ga nakasa da fatattaka a cikin kayan aiki.
.Kannan
1. Ma'anar daidaitawa
Arized magani tsari wanda karfe ke mai zafi zuwa zazzabi 30 ° C sama da zazzabi mai zuwa, sannan a gudanar da shi a wannan zafin rana kusa da jihar daidaitawa. Idan aka kwatanta da annealing, daidaitaccen yana da ƙimar sanyaya mai sauri, sakamakon haifar da kyakkyawan tsari (p) ƙarfi da ƙarfi da ƙarfi da ƙarfi da ƙarfi da ƙarfi.
2. Dalilin al'ada
Dalilin daidaituwa ya zama kama da na anealing.
3. Aikace-aikace na al'ada
• Cire Sectwored secitin sakandare.
• Ku bauta wa azaman zafi na ƙarshe don sassa tare da ƙananan buƙatu.
• Ayi aiki azaman abinci mai zafi don ƙaramin carbon mai ƙarancin ƙwayar cuta don inganta injinan.
4.Types na annealing
Na farko nau'in anne)
Dalili da aiki: Manufar ba don haifar da canji na lokaci ba amma don miƙa hannu da karfe daga jihar da ba ta daidaita ba.
Nau'in:
• Rarraba abubuwan rarrabuwa: da nufin homogenize da abun da ke ta hanyar kawar da rarrabuwa.
• Sake karanta annealing: Mayar da bututu ta hanyar kawar da tasirin aiki hardening.
• Rashin taimako bayan haihuwa: rage damuwa na ciki ba tare da musayar microstructuch ba.
Nau'in na biyu na anealing:
Dalili da aiki: Yana nufin canza microstructure da kaddarorin, cimma nasarar microstructure. Wannan nau'in yana tabbatar da cewa rarraba da Morphology na Pearchology na Pearchology, Ferrite, da Carbron sun cika takamaiman bukatun.
Nau'in:
• Cikakken anne ne: heats da baƙin ƙarfe sama da zazzabi Ac3 sannan a hankali yana sanyi shi don samar da tsarin Pearlite na uniform.
• Ba a cika ba: Heats da karfe tsakanin AC1 da AC3 yanayin zafi don canza fasalin tsarin.
• Annealing othermal: heats da karfe mai saurin sanyaya zuwa zazzabi mai narkewa kuma riƙe shi don cimma tsarin da ake so.
• Sperosizing arring: Yana samar da tsarin Carbide na Perbide, Inganta Inganta Mamarewa da Sauri.
Ⅷ.1.Definition na jiyya na zafi
Jinshin zafi yana nufin tsari wanda aka mai da shi, ya kasance a takamaiman zazzabi, sannan kuma ya sanya shi a cikin m jihar ya canza tsarin ciki da motsa jiki, don haka cimma burin da ake so.
2.ChaArakteres na zafi magani
Jiyya mai zafi baya canza siffar aikin aikin; Madadin haka, yana canza tsarin ciki da microstructure na karfe, wanda cikin juya yana canza kaddarorin ƙarfe.
3.Purpose na magani mai zafi
Dalilin magani mai zafi shine inganta kaddarorin kayan ƙarfe ko sarrafa kayan ƙarfe (ko kuma kayan aiki), cikakken amfani da ingancin kayan aikin, kuma mika rayuwar sabis ɗin ta.
4.Ko
Ko ana iya inganta kaddarorin kayan ta hanyar magani mai zafi ya dogara ne da mahimmanci akan ko canje-canje a cikin microstrupture da tsari yayin dumama.
Lokaci: Aug-19-2024